Open hot water system. Water supply systems of an apartment building: types of networks and schemes. Hot and cold water supply Hot water preparation in apartment buildings

Providing hot water to a multi-storey building is not easy, because the DHW system must have water under a certain pressure and at a certain temperature. This is the first. Second: the hot water supply of an apartment building is a long way of the water itself from the boiler house to consumers, in which there is a huge amount of various equipment, devices and appliances. In this case, the connection can be made according to two schemes: with upper or lower wiring.

Network diagrams

So, let's start with the question of how water enters our homes, I mean hot. It moves from the boiler house to the house, and is distilled by pumps installed as boiler equipment. Heated water moves through pipes called heating mains. They can be laid above or below ground. And they must be thermally insulated in order to reduce the heat loss of the coolant itself.

Ring connection diagram

The pipe is brought to apartment buildings, from where the route is branched into smaller sections that supply the coolant to each building. A pipe of smaller diameter enters the basement of the house, where it is divided into sections that deliver water to each floor, and already on the floor to each apartment. It is clear that such an amount of water cannot be consumed. That is, all the water pumped into the hot water supply cannot be consumed, especially at night. Therefore, another route is being laid, which is called the return line. Through it, water moves from the apartments to the basement, and from there to the boiler room through a separately laid pipeline. True, it should be noted that all pipes (both return and supply) are laid along the same route.

That is, it turns out that the hot water itself inside the house moves along the ring. And she is constantly on the move. In this case, the circulation of hot water in an apartment building is carried out precisely from the bottom up and back. But in order for the temperature of the liquid itself to be constant on all floors (with a slight deviation), it is necessary to create conditions under which its speed is optimal, and it does not affect the decrease in the temperature itself.

It should be noted that today separate routes for hot water supply and for heating can approach apartment buildings. Or one pipe with a certain temperature (up to + 95C) will be supplied, which in the basement of the house will be divided into heating and hot water supply.

DHW wiring diagram

By the way, look at the photo above. A heat exchanger is installed in the basement of the house according to this scheme. That is, water from the route is not used in the hot water supply system. It only heats the cold water coming from the water supply network. And the DHW system at home is a separate route, unrelated to the route from the boiler room.

The house network is circulating. And the water supply to the apartments is produced by a pump installed in it. This is by far the most modern scheme. Its positive feature is the ability to control the temperature regime of the liquid. By the way, there are strict norms for the temperature of hot water in an apartment building. That is, it should not be lower than +65C, but not higher than +75C. In this case, small deviations in one direction or another are allowed, but not more than 3C. At night, deviations can be 5C.

Why is this temperature

There are two reasons.

The higher the water temperature, the faster pathogenic bacteria die in it.
But you have to take into account the fact that the high temperature in the DHW system is burns when in contact with water or metal parts of pipes or mixers. For example, at a temperature of +65C, a burn can be obtained in 2 seconds.

Water temperature

By the way, it should be noted that the water temperature in the heating system of an apartment building can be different, it all depends on various factors. But it should not exceed + 95C for two-pipe systems, and + 105C for single-pipe systems.

Attention! According to the legislation, it is determined that if the temperature of the water in the DHW system is 10 degrees below the norm, then the payment is also reduced by 10%. If it is with a temperature of +40 or +45C, then the payment is reduced to 30%.

That is, it turns out that the water supply system of an apartment building, meaning hot water supply, is an individual approach to payment, depending on the temperature of the coolant itself. True, as practice shows, few people know about this, therefore disputes usually never arise on this issue.

Dead End Schemes

There are also so-called dead-end schemes in the DHW system. That is, water enters consumers, where it cools down if it is not used. Therefore, in such systems there is a very large overrun of the coolant. Such wiring is used either in office premises or in small houses - no more than 4 floors. Although all this is already in the past.

The best option is circulation. And the simplest thing is to enter the pipe into the basement, and from there through the apartments through the riser, which runs through all floors. Each entrance has its own stand. Reaching the top floor, the riser makes a U-turn and, past all the apartments, descends into the basement, through which it is discharged and connected to the return pipeline.

dead end scheme

Wiring in the apartment

So, consider the water supply scheme (HW) in the apartment. In principle, it is no different from cold water. And most often, hot water pipes are laid next to the cold water elements. True, there are some consumers who do not need hot water. For example, a toilet, washing machine or dishwasher. The last two themselves heat the water to the required temperature.

Wiring diagram for hot water and cold water pipes

The most important thing is that the distribution of water supply in the apartment (both hot water supply and cold water) is a certain norm for laying the pipes themselves. For example, if the pipes of two systems are laid one above the other, then the top one should be from hot water supply. If they are laid in a horizontal plane, then the right one should be from the DHW system. In this case, on one wall it may be in the depth of the strobe, and on the other, on the contrary, closer to the surface. In this case, the laying of the pipeline can be hidden (in strobes) or open, laid on the surface of walls or floors.

Conclusion on the topic

The seeming simplicity of hot water supply in apartment buildings is determined by the inhabitants by piping inside the apartments. In fact, this is a fairly large variety of different schemes in which pipes are stretched for several kilometers, starting from the boiler room and ending with a mixer in the apartment. And, as practice shows, even in old houses today the hot water supply is being reconstructed for new improved technologies that provide hot water and reduce the loss of heat itself.

Don't forget to rate the article.

In the modern world, people are used to living in comfortable conditions. And the higher the standard of living, the more benefits surround people. One of such indispensable conditions for a comfortable life of the population today is the availability of hot water in apartments and private houses. Today, the consumption of hot water is equal to the use of cold water and sometimes even exceeds it.

What it is?

Hot water supply is the provision of the population, including its domestic needs, as well as production needs, with high temperature water (up to +75 degrees Celsius). It is an important indicator of the level and quality of life, as well as a condition for compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards. The hot water supply system consists of special equipment that functions in combination, which serves to heat water to the desired temperature, as well as to supply it to water intake points.

Most often, this system consists of the following elements:

water heater;
pump;
pipes;
fittings for water supply.

In regulatory documents, the abbreviation for the phrase hot water supply - DHW is often used.

Device types

The hot water system can be of two types.

An open system has a coolant. Water is supplied from the central heating system. It is so named because the supply comes from the heating system. Such a system is usually used in apartment buildings. As for private houses, the open system will be too expensive there.
A closed system functions differently and has its own differences. First, cold drinking water is taken from the central water supply or external network, then it is heated in a heat exchanger and only after that it is supplied to the water intake points. Such water can be used for cooking, as it does not contain elements harmful to health.

There is also an independent hot water system. Water is heated in a boiler room or a heating point, then it is supplied to the house. It is called independent because it functions separately and is not connected with the heat supply system. It is used in private houses or cottages.

As for water heaters, they are divided into two types.

Their choice depends only on the desire of the owner, as well as on the living conditions of the premises.

Flowing. They do not accumulate water, but heat it up as needed. Such a heater is activated instantly, as soon as the water is turned on. They can be electric or gas.
Cumulative. Such hot water boilers collect water in a special tank and heat it. Hot water can be used at any time. Electric boilers are large.

Principle of operation

The hot water supply system can be dead-end or circulating. The dead-end circuit is used for the constant use of hot water. With intermittent water intake, the water in the pipes cools down and comes in not too hot. In order to get water of the required hot temperature, it will take quite a long time to drain it, which is not very convenient. With a circulation scheme, water is always supplied hot, but such a system is more expensive. This scheme is well suited in cases of periodic water intake. The water temperature is constantly maintained, and users receive hot water.

The circulation system in such systems can be of two types.

Forced. This type uses pumps as in a building heating system. Forced systems are used in multi-storey buildings with a height of two floors.
Natural. In one- and two-story houses, the arrangement of natural circulation is used, since the length of the pipelines is small. It operates on a system of circulation pipes, based on the difference in the mass of water at different temperatures. This method is the same as the water heating method using natural circulation.

Hot water supply consists of the following elements:

water heater or generator;
pipeline;
water points.

Several types of water heaters can be generators.

High-speed water-to-water heaters work on the basis that hot water, which comes either from a boiler room or from a district heating system, passes through brass pipes. They are inside steel pipes, and the space between them is filled with heated water. Thus, heating occurs.
The steam water heater operates due to the steam entering the heater. Water is heated by passing through brass pipes located inside. Such systems are used in dwellings with a constant flow of water and its high consumption.
In houses with periodic and low water consumption, storage water heaters are used. They not only heat, but also accumulate hot water.

The pipelines of both hot and cold water supply are a single system, they are laid in parallel. Mixers are installed at the water intake points, which allow you to get different temperatures (from +20 to +70 degrees Celsius) due to the mixing of hot and cold water. In the hot water system, it is better to use galvanized or plastic pipes so that corrosion does not occur. Pipelines and risers are best insulated to avoid unnecessary heat loss. In modern homes, hot and cold water meters are installed to account for water consumption, which allows you not to overpay for consumption, but pay only for the consumed water.

Pros and cons

If we talk about the advantages and disadvantages of hot water supply, it is better to consider separately open and closed systems.

it is easy to fill and bleed air, which happens automatically through the expansion tank;
quite easy to recharge. Since the pressure in the system does not require special attention, you can draw water without fear;
the system functions well even in the presence of leaks, which is associated with a high working pressure in it.

The disadvantages include the following:

constant monitoring of the water level in the tank;
the need to replenish it.

The advantages of a closed hot water supply system include the following:

savings associated with a constant temperature;
it is possible to install a heated towel rail.

The disadvantage is the mandatory presence of water heaters. They can be flowing or accumulative, allowing you to always have backup water supply.

A very important point in the hot water supply system is the presence of a hydraulic accumulator. It helps to prevent some of the problems associated with pressure drops in the system. The hydraulic accumulator is a sealed tank in which there is a membrane partially filled with water. It separates the tank into water and air parts. If the volume of water in the tank increases, then, accordingly, the volume of air decreases.

In the event of increased pressure parameters in the system, a signal is given and the pump is turned off. There is a pneumatic valve for pressure regulation. Air is pumped through the nipple. Its quantity can be added or reduced.

The hydraulic accumulator has such advantages as:

prevent rapid wear of the pump. Since there is a supply of water in the tank, the pump will turn on less often, which contributes to its longer service life;
stable air pressure in the system. The device helps to avoid sudden changes in pressure and temperature in the hot water supply system;
water hammer resistance. They practically do not occur and cannot harm the pump and the entire system;
increased supply of hot water. There is always a reserve in the accumulator tank, and besides, it is constantly updated.

Thus, the presence of this device only positively affects the functioning of the entire system as a whole.

Norms

According to the "Rules for the provision of public services", the temperature of hot water must correspond to a value from +60 to +75 degrees Celsius. This value fully complies with sanitary norms and rules under the Legislation of the Russian Federation.

It is worth considering that there are some allowable deviations, namely:

at night (from 00:00 to 05:00 hours) a deviation of up to 5 degrees Celsius is allowed;
during the daytime (from 05:00 to 00:00 hours) the deviation should not be more than 3 degrees Celsius.

According to the rules, if the supplied hot water is colder than the value of the standards, the user can recalculate and pay for it at the cost of cold water supply. But for this you will have to perform temperature measurements. You cannot do this on your own. The first step is to call the housing and communal services or the management company and leave a request for measurement. If this drop in temperature is due to malfunctions, repairs or other reasons, the dispatcher must report this.

If everything is in order, you need to fix the application. After the visit of the master, you need to draw up an act of measuring the temperature in two copies. It is on the basis of this act that the cost will be recalculated.

During the measurement, you need to pay attention to the following factors:

be sure to drain the water within a few minutes;
note where the measurement is taken from - from the pipe of the heated towel rail or from an independent pipe.

According to the SanPiN article, this violation involves the payment of a fine.

The established temperature regime standards are associated with the following factors:

this temperature does not allow bacteria to multiply;
at this temperature, the possibility of getting burns is excluded.

The temperature of the water in the storage facilities must be very high, but its use at home must be combined with cold water.

Schemes and calculations

In order to calculate the consumption of hot water, it is necessary to take into account the number of people living in a house or apartment, as well as lifestyle. The main requirement is the minimum period for the flow of hot water from the tap. In addition, according to current regulations (10 minutes), it is supposed to be used at several points in any quantity.

number of users;
frequency of use in the bathroom;
the number of bathrooms and toilets;
volume of plumbing fixtures;
required water temperature.

The best today is the design with the help of special measuring instruments. Although this option is not possible for everyone. Only when taking into account the needs of the whole family is it possible to choose the best option for hot water supply for a house, apartment or cottage.

As for the operation of the hot water supply system, its good result is achieved only with the well-coordinated uninterrupted operation of all its components. The main factor is to obtain a quality resource that meets all requirements. In this regard, preventive maintenance should be carried out periodically. Pipelines must be flushed. This is done after installation, then after repairs and disinfection.

Washing can last from several minutes to several hours. The time depends on the length of the pipeline. In order to avoid corrosion in the process, a complete absence of air is necessary. For its output, special exhaust valves are used. Before commissioning the hot water system for the first time, a tightness and strength test must be carried out. The pressure must be half a bar higher than that intended, but at the same time it must not exceed ten bar. The ambient temperature during such events should be at least five degrees Celsius above zero.

To extend the life of hot water supply, it is better to check fittings, filters, and heaters from time to time. There are ways to combine the supply of hot water. In the presence of both autonomous heating and centralized water supply, the water heater must be connected to separate outlets with shut-off fittings. During the circulation of water, there should be no air in the coolant, as this may lead to the formation of an air lock, which will not allow hot water to flow, and a rupture of the pipeline may also occur. If there are any malfunctions in the system, it is better to contact specialists for timely identification and solution of the problem. Under the condition of careful and careful use of the hot water supply system, the likelihood of emergencies, breakdowns and failures is minimized.

Thus, when connecting a hot water supply system, you need to familiarize yourself with its varieties and understand which model is suitable for a particular apartment or house. In addition, proper installation, compliance with all operating rules and regulations, the use of high-quality materials and timely preventive maintenance will help you use the selected system for many years without unpleasant and unexpected problems.

For information on the types and features of hot water systems, see the following video.

In a modern metropolis, it is difficult to find a high-rise building in which there would be no running water. O water supply systems of an apartment building, their features and principles of operation, we will talk today.

Although systems cold and hot water supply of multi-apartment houses may have differences, in any of their versions you can find three universal elements. They will be present in any design. These main elements include:

highways, that is, pipes and systems that supply water from external sources to intra-house common risers;

risers that are installed inside a high-rise building and serve to conduct water to the wiring systems;

wiring and branches necessary for supplying water to taps located directly in the apartments.

Failure of one of the universal elements leads to the fact that the water supply is interrupted. Therefore, it is important to understand who is responsible for the normal functioning of each of the structures. If a breakdown occurs on the highway, then city services, and not management companies, are involved in its elimination. City services also carry out scheduled replacement and monitoring of the functioning of highways.

The management company is responsible for the common house risers, its representatives must be contacted if there is a failure in the operation of this system. Many apartment building water pipes are in a deplorable state, and there is a perfectly reasonable explanation for this.

Firstly, the riser is located in each individual apartment, which means that not only employees of the management company, but also the residents of the house should evaluate its integrity. And how many of us regularly inspect the riser? This is hardly the case.

Employees of the management company must periodically go around the apartments and ask residents to show the riser, but, firstly, some unscrupulous organizations may simply not do this, and secondly, sometimes apartment owners simply prevent the system from being inspected.

Remember that it is extremely important not only to inspect the condition of the riser, but also to promptly report its improper functioning or the need for replacement. Otherwise, it may simply break through, and then you will have to deal with the flooding of the apartment, and, most likely, not only your own, but also located below.

Homeowners should assess the condition of wiring and branches. They also carry out the replacement of these elements of the system on their own or by invited specialists, who can be found in specialized commercial organizations or in the same management company.

Top and bottom system wiring

In most cases, modern houses have a lower wiring of the water supply system. This means that the main pipes bring water to the basement, from where it enters the common house riser. This is the most reasonable and economical design, so almost all modern houses use it.

Top wiring today can also be found in megacities. A feature of this design is that a special water storage tank is installed at the top of the building. Water enters it through pipes that are laid inside the house. Further, the water is distributed to the apartments through a common house riser. The use of this wiring is often unjustified, since in addition to the riser it is necessary to install additional pipes, the very ones that carry water from the main to the storage tank. This increases the cost of the water supply service, therefore it is unprofitable for either the residents or the management company.

It is worth noting that any element of the water supply system can fail, but the part of the structure that is responsible for supplying hot water still breaks much more often. That is why in megacities there are still periods of preventive shutdown of hot water, usually in the summer.

During this time, the services not only check the integrity of the structure, but also eliminate all breakdowns. Inside hot water pipes, rust deposits are more likely to form, which makes it difficult for the flow of water to pass, and also increases the likelihood of their breakthrough.

Water supply design for an apartment building

In order for an apartment building to function normally, it is very important to properly design and equip the water supply system in it.

As a rule, water supply in an apartment building is:

firstly, the central highway supplying water;

secondly, piping to the house;

thirdly, piping to each apartment.

For each specific building, depending on its parameters:

appointment;

technological requirements;

fire safety requirements;

locations of water supplies,

water system may vary. In particular, there are such networks as:

Dead end. Can be:

with upper wiring, which is carried out under the ceiling of the upper floor or in the attic;
with lower wiring, located in the basement of the building or under the floor of the 1st floor.

Ring.

Zone.

Combined.

During the design process, the specialist necessarily makes a hydraulic calculation of the amount of water that is necessary so that all residents of the house can uninterruptedly use the resource for various needs.

Hot water supply of an apartment building

Hot and cold water supply systems in an apartment building are designed according to fundamentally different schemes.

A well-organized hot water supply is a centralized circulation system with one or two pipe risers.

In the first case, all risers of a certain section of the building are combined into one, which is called "idle", since it does not have consumers. The risers are looped along the height of the house in order to maintain the same pipe diameters throughout the building and provide better water distribution for each apartment.

At the same time, for buildings with a different number of floors, risers of a certain diameter are designed:

up to 5 floors - 25 mm;

6 floors and above - 32 mm.

The heated towel rail in the bathroom is installed on the supply riser, which has its drawbacks: if the water in the boiler room is heated weakly, it will reach the farthest residents already cooled down. In order to avoid such situations, experts recommend inserting a special jumper pipe between the direct and return wiring (bypass).

In the case of a 2-pipe wiring, the system has 2 risers - for supplying and discharging water. The outlet circulation riser is nothing more than a heating elbow used as a heated towel rail.

Cold water supply of an apartment building

Pipelines for cold water supply to consumers of apartment buildings are made according to a dead-end scheme, that is, one branch running from the water supply source to the very last consumer, where it ends.

At the inlet of the cold water supply to the building, a water meter assembly is installed, consisting of steel pipes, fittings and a water meter. Initially, the meter is mounted in such a way that the direction of movement of cold water coincides with the arrow on the device case.

The node is rigidly attached to the surface (on the floor or on the wall), while paying attention to the fact that the meter axis is at a height of 30–100 cm from the floor.

Where the pipeline turns, metal supports are installed.

Water supply of an apartment building: snip

It should be remembered that the design of the internal water supply of an apartment building is carried out taking into account the relevant building codes and regulations, namely SNiP "Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings" (No. 2.04.01-85).

This document normalizes important parameters that affect the quality of the water supply system. This SNiP contains sections that describe in detail information regarding:

The management company is obliged to ensure the serviceability of communications of a residential apartment building. Therefore, the organization must replace the risers at its own expense (if we are talking about pipes that have become unusable after their useful operating life has expired);
The city or district administration is obliged to replace the risers in the municipal building;
In the event that communication systems are privatized, the residents pay for the repair work.

In some cases, responsible persons try to evade their duties or demand money for the work done.

In this case, it is necessary to achieve the fulfillment of their direct duties by responsible persons. An official application must be completed and submitted. If there is no reaction, a complaint is written to the housing department. As a rule, such actions are quite enough to restore justice.

Features of supplying hot water to a residential building

The hot water supply system in the house includes two types of wiring - lower and upper.

To maintain the optimal temperature regime in the pipeline, looped wiring is often used. With the help of gravity pressure, water circulation in the ring is ensured, even in the absence of water intake.

In the riser, water is cooled and directly enters the heating unit. With an even higher temperature, water is supplied through pipes. Thus, a continuous process of circulation of the coolant is carried out.

In addition, the hot water supply system is divided according to some features:

local;
Centralized;
Open thermal;
closed thermal.

Important! In accordance with SNiP, it is strictly forbidden to supply non-potable hot water to pipes containing technical fluid.

Description of the closed heating system

In recent years, the use of a closed water supply scheme has become increasingly popular. The closed system is based on the use of a heating main with a completely separate, autonomous circuit, into which cold water is pumped for subsequent passage through heat exchangers.

The latter, however, take heat from the main water, which is heated in a CHPP. In addition, other heat sources are available, but the most common among them is the direct transfer of heat from an open hot water supply.

In this case, the quality of the hot water supplied to the house does not depend on the condition of the pipes that the central heating system has in itself. The closed scheme implies the use of heat exchangers and additional pumping units.

A closed-type hot water supply system has undeniable advantages compared to an open one: quality indicators and bacteriological properties.

The closed hot water supply circuit ensures a stable temperature regime, regardless of the air temperature in the winter.

Modern engineers are increasingly resorting to the use of a closed-type system, since this scheme is characterized by the highest reliability for consumers.

Water supply of an apartment building

Water supply is very important for the normal functioning of many construction projects. The water supply system of an apartment building is represented by a central water supply line, intra-house piping and piping for water supply to an apartment.

Features of water supply to multi-apartment buildings

It is very difficult to establish water supply for a multi-storey building with numerous consumers. Each apartment in the house should be considered as a separate object for providing water: pipes of different diameters represent a single structure with rather complex wiring. It is for this reason that it is considered very difficult to supply water to a multi-storey building.

The system is a whole complex of pumping equipment with installed filters and metering devices, as well as shut-off and control valves and apartment-by-apartment piping.

Mandatory in this scheme will be pressure regulators. The water that enters the apartments first goes through several stages of purification from mechanical impurities. Also very often carry out disinfection of water by means of chlorination.

Central water supply and plumbing

The most convenient for people who live in apartment buildings is the water supply from the central water supply. Such a system involves the supply of high-quality water under good pressure. Central water supply is carried out by means of a water supply system, which is available in all cities and villages. As a rule, water enters pumping stations from surface reservoirs, which are located far from sources of pollution.

The central water supply system has three components:

water intake facilities;
cleaning stations;
distribution network.

Water flows from the pumping station to a certain reservoir. There it goes through numerous stages of purification and only then enters the distribution network to supply water to the necessary facilities.

The water supply system functions normally if high-quality and correct piping is done. System pressure also plays a big role.

For a large number of users, the central water supply system may have a well, which is arranged using a special water intake tower. It is best to use an artesian well: water is drawn from a great depth, the water quality is at a high level.

But this method of water intake is considered quite expensive. It is usually used to provide water to an apartment cottage.

Scheme and arrangement of the water supply system of an apartment building

Water supply system with water tower

Such a system has several main elements: a caisson, a main water intake tank and a pumping station.

The principle of operation of the water tower

The caisson is a metal container, which is located at a depth of 2-2.5 m above the well itself. A pipe is mounted in it to bring water out of the well. A concrete ring caisson is considered less sealed, since it is often flooded by rising groundwater.

Through the pumping station and the caisson, water enters the storage tank. It has an automatic float valve. It turns on the pump when the water in such a container falls and does not reach a certain level.

The total pressure in the system directly depends on the volume of the storage tank or tank. Even in the event of a power outage, water will flow steadily into the apartments. But until the moment when the water level in the tank drops and, accordingly, the pressure decreases.

Scheme of the device of the water tower

Types of pipes that are used for water supply

Steel pipes

To date, steel pipes have practically ceased to be used. Over a fairly long period of time, such materials for plumbing have used up their resource. In addition, the price of steel pipes is quite high.

Installation of steel pipes is also expensive and takes a lot of effort and time. The disadvantage of such a system is that condensate is strongly collected on it, which can destroy the pipe material. Rust and scale will gradually form inside the steel pipe, which reduces the volume of the pipe. Thus, the throughput is also reduced.

Copper pipes

The most important advantage of using copper pipes is their service life, which reaches 50 years. Steel pipes are quite expensive, and not everyone can afford to buy them. The advantage of steel pipes is that they do not form rust. In addition, copper has antibacterial properties.

Copper pipe wiring

Metal-plastic pipes

Metal-plastic pipes are very popular today. They are quite practical and are considered reliable. Installation of a metal-plastic water supply system is very simple. All you need is a special tool. Pipes are joined with fittings. The pipe can withstand significant mechanical and physical stress.

Metal-plastic pipes Back to index

Apartment water supply schemes

The stability of the operation of all household equipment that is connected to the water supply directly depends on how well the installation of the water supply system is performed.

The water supply scheme should provide the apartment with water from the central water supply to all necessary supply points. For some equipment, it will be necessary to ensure a constant pressure of water in the pipes. At the moment, plumbing for an apartment can be done in several ways: a serial connection scheme, a collector and a mixed system.

The scheme of the consistent water supply of the apartment

The simplest and most practical way to supply water to an apartment is considered to be a serial connection scheme. This is an affordable option for the price and for engineering communications. Such a scheme, as a rule, is found in the buildings of residential buildings.

According to this scheme, the installation of main pipelines with the supply of hot and cold water is carried out in parallel. Each equipment in such a system is connected using tees. It is for this reason that very often the series connection scheme is also called a tee.

The serial scheme implies the presence of a common highway for a large number of users. From such a central pipe, wiring is also done using tees. The main pipe has a fairly large diameter and plays the role of an elongated collector.

Consistent piping in the apartment

Such a water supply system is currently considered not only common, but also the most ideal for use in an ordinary apartment, which has one bathroom and a small number of household appliances that operate on the basis of water supply.

The sequential scheme has its advantages and disadvantages.

significant pipe savings;
simplicity and ease of the project;
reducing plumbing costs.
Pressure drop at the end points of the water supply if several open appliances are used at the same time.
The lack of the possibility of selective shutdown (in the event of a breakdown of one of the pipes, it will be necessary to completely turn off the apartment).
Difficulty in locating a leak.
Lack of free access to all distribution tees of the system.
In the event of an accident, it will be necessary to break the finishing layer on the surface of the floor or wall.

The distribution of pipes in the apartment should be carried out only by highly qualified specialists. Only then the probability that the pipe will start to leak will be small, and the pressure in the system will be normal.

Collector scheme

Due to the fact that at the moment the apartment uses a large number of devices that operate on water supply, their work may be disrupted, since the pressure in the general system is greatly reduced. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to choose a collector connection scheme.

Installation of such a water supply system is considered expensive and rather complicated. Initially, the pressure drop in the system is already excluded, and it is for this reason that all points of the plumbing equipment can be used at the same time.

This is due to the fact that a separate pipe is laid to each such point of water supply. It can be simply closed if necessary. The main pipe with this type of connection has no branches, which ensures the safety of using the water supply system. Also, the possibility of leaks will be greatly reduced, since the collector pipe runs parallel to the main water supply pipe and has only one connection with it.

Collector scheme of water supply of the apartment

The advantages of such a system:

due to the small number of connections - the reliability of the system;
adjustment of the operation of a separate plumbing fixture;
ease of maintenance and repair of the entire system;
hidden installation of pipes that will not spoil the interior.

Sewerage in the apartment

Water supply and sewerage systems at home play an important role in ensuring the normal functioning of a person. Only specialists will be able to correctly calculate and carry out the installation of engineering structures of this type. The entire installation process must be carried out according to a previously developed scheme. Proper installation of sewer pipes will eliminate all possibilities of leakage and deformation of the sewage disposal. Often, the installation of sewer waste in an apartment is associated with turning off the water supply through the riser. Works are carried out quite quickly and very high quality.

Advice. If the sewer pipes in the apartment are being laid for the first time, then it would be better not to change the usual location of all plumbing fixtures.

It would be better to use the old scheme. At the same time, it is recommended to sketch out an approximate work plan on paper and clearly measure the distance between the sink, toilet bowl, bathtub and other equipment that runs on water supply. It will also be necessary to determine the location of the clamps and the central sewer pipe. A slope is considered mandatory when laying sewers. Do not forget about the quality material in this process.

Before you lay or change the sewer in the apartment, it is necessary to assess the condition of the common sewer riser.

Sewerage and water supply risers in the apartment

If the common sewer pipe does not have external signs of corrosion, then you can not change it. If replacement is necessary, then this must be done very carefully due to the fact that a damaged pipe can be very easily deformed, and then the entire riser will have to be completely changed.

It happens that sewer pipes in an apartment are laid with the aim that more equipment has appeared that runs on water supply. For example, dishwasher or washing machine. Another option for laying sewers as an additional structure may be when it is necessary to connect additional plumbing equipment.

Scheme of the sewerage device in the apartment

Necessary equipment for the installation of high-quality sewage:

pipes;
accessories;
compositions for fixing and sealing;
tools;
fitting;
appliances.

When installing a new sewer riser, it will be necessary to take into account the fact that plastic pipes for draining water will not be able to withstand the compressive loads of a piece of cast-iron pipe that may be on top of the riser. A special replacement fragment will need to be attached to such a pipe in order to ensure a tight and durable fixation of the junction of pipes made of different materials. For the tightness of such connections, adapters-cuffs are used, which are made for such combinations (“cast iron-plastic”, “plastic-cast iron”).

Dismantling the sewer in the apartment

Replacing an old sewer pipe with a new one has many nuances that must be taken into account in this process. Initially, it is necessary to determine the most vulnerable places in the pipe to deformation. It is also required to disconnect all existing connections from the pipe and remove all debris. All this is necessary to ensure more convenient work.

Then, near the riser, the tap is turned off, which supplies water to the apartment. If the replacement is long, then it is best to completely disconnect the entire riser from the water supply. At the very last moment, it is necessary to carefully dismantle the cast-iron sewer pipes. All this can be done with adjustable wrenches or other tools.

It is necessary to mount a new pipe in a complete set with a variety of adapters and couplings, since then it will not be possible to do it qualitatively. All connections must be coated with sealant to protect the riser from leakage.

Advice. All fittings or cuffs must be clean. Silicone grease should be designed specifically for connecting sewer pipes.

Hot water supply

Hot water supply in an apartment is a whole system of pipelines and various devices that are used to heat cold water and distribute hot water to consumers. In some cases, special pipes are used in bathrooms or toilets to heat such rooms in the apartment. They have the additional function of dryers.

Standard diagram of a hot and cold water supply system at home

All hot water supply systems can be divided according to several criteria:

local hot water systems;
centralized systems;
open heating networks;
closed heating networks.

According to the radius of action, hot water supply systems are divided into local and central.

Local hot water systems

Local hot water supply systems are equipped for a group of small objects or one building. Water in this case is heated directly by the consumer. Water heating is carried out using gas or electric flow-type boilers.

Such systems require regular maintenance and are used only if it is not possible to use a centralized hot water supply.

Local hot water system

The advantage of local hot water supply systems:

offline work;
ease of repair;
small heat losses.

Central hot water systems

The appearance of central systems for supplying hot water to an apartment is due to the elimination of district and local boiler houses, as well as heat supply systems. As for convenience, central hot water systems will be much more practical.

Scheme of the device for centralized hot water supply of an apartment building

All this depends on the fact that there is no need to install appropriate equipment for heating cold water and additional wiring. Also, the system of such hot water supply has its drawbacks. Pipes need to be constantly maintained and repaired, but local utilities can rarely fulfill customer requests. There are also large drops in water pressure in the system and insufficient temperature, which cannot be said about local water supply systems.

To heat water and supply it to the consumer, centralized systems can use open or closed heating networks. Open heating networks provide for the mixing of network water with that already heated in special equipment. After that, the water is supplied to consumers. Closed heating networks provide for heating water through the surface. The heat carrier (superheated water or steam) and the heated water do not come into contact in any way.

Open heating networks are considered more rational, but the quality of the supplied water can significantly deteriorate in terms of temperature. Such systems are currently very rare to find.

Closed scheme of heating and water supply at home

Hot water supply in the apartment can be carried out in several ways:

Heating water in the boiler room with subsequent supply to the consumer.
Water heating is carried out in special points located in neighborhoods or districts.
Water heating is carried out using special equipment, which is installed in the basement of a multi-storey building.
Water is heated in the consumer's apartment.

Hot water supply can be circulating. In this case, the water is constantly moving through the pipes and provides not only the supply of hot water, but also heating. The water is constantly heated. There is also a dead-end hot water supply. In this case, the water is not used immediately and may simply cool down over time. It is for this reason that special containers are installed in the apartment to heat and maintain the temperature of the water.

With regard to savings, it will be rational to use individual systems for providing hot water to the apartment. For the centralized supply of hot water, the user must pay a monthly fee.

Diagram of a boiler device for heating water

If it is possible to use a boiler to supply hot water to the apartment, then this will be the most economical option, since water is paid for by a cold water meter. The consumer provides himself with hot water.

Heating in the apartment

Today, there are a large number of systems for water supply and heating at home. All of them depend on each other in some cases. This applies to heating in an apartment building. If in a private house the heating system can be made one that will not depend on the supply of water, then in an apartment everything is completely different. In the apartment, many engineering systems are closely interconnected.

Heating in the apartment can be done with your own hands, only for this the entire work plan will need to be agreed with the utilities.

Very often there is a need to replace old pipes for heating with new ones. Previously, cast iron was used for heating pipes. The metal tends to rust, and plaque constantly forms inside the pipe. This greatly reduces the permeability of pipes, which, accordingly, reduces the temperature in the apartment. It is possible to carry out preventive work every year and blow out such pipes. And you can just replace them with modern counterparts.

To make the replacement of heating pipes, you need to carefully dismantle the old ones. It is necessary to start such a process from the central riser. Such pipes have never been hidden in the wall and even today you can see them in the corner of the room. At the moment, when replacing such pipes, it is possible to completely mask them. You can hide the pipe in the wall, or you can use it to make any decorative elements.

Advice. Replacement of heating pipes should be carried out only after the end of the heating season, when there is no hot water in the system.

Modern water heating system of the apartment

The water supply system of an apartment building can be made in different ways. They all differ in the methods of cold water intake, its purification and supply to the end consumer. Due attention should be paid to the distribution of pipes for supplying water in the apartment. It is first necessary to estimate the amount of equipment that runs on water supply.

A schematic diagram of a hot water supply system includes an installation for heating cold water to a temperature not exceeding 75 ° C and a network of distribution pipelines. For this purpose, high-speed instantaneous water heaters are used. In such water heaters, water flows at a significant speed through the heating tubes, which, in turn, are heated by water from the heating network passing inside the water heater body and washing them.

When preparing hot water in the central heating station according to a closed circuit, high-speed water heaters OCT 34-588-68 (coolant - water), OCT 34-531-68 and OCT 34-532-68 (coolant - steam) are used.

Rice. 174. High-speed water heaters: a - sectional OST-34-588-68, b - steam; 1 - housing, 2 - lens compensator, 3 - grille, 4 - brass tubes, 5 - pipe system, 6 - rear water chamber, 7 - cap, 8 - front water chamber

Water heaters OST 34-588-68 (, a) are designed for a pressure of 1 MPa and a coolant temperature of 150 ° C. They are produced in separate sections with an outer diameter of 57 to 325 mm with a heating surface of each section from 0.37 to 28 m2. The required heating surface ^ of the water heater is completed from the same type of sections, interconnected by coils. The section consists of a body 1 with steel tube sheets 3 welded to it and a bundle of brass tubes 4 with a diameter of 16X1 mm. Branch pipes with flanges are welded to the body for connecting sections in the annulus. Hot water from the heating network is directed to the annular space, and the heated water moves through the water heater tubes.

Steam water heaters (OST 34-531-68 and OST 34-532-68) ( ,6) are designed for heating water with steam in heating and hot water supply systems. The maximum working steam pressure is 1 MPa. Water heaters produce two-way (OST 34-531-68) and four-way (OST 34-532-68), The heating surface can be from 6.3 to 224 m2.

The water heater consists of a body 1, pipe system 5, front 8 and rear 6 water chambers. The pipe system includes steel gratings and a bundle of brass tubes with a diameter of 16X1 mm. Heated water enters through the lower branch pipe of the front inlet chamber, passes through brass tubes, is heated and goes into the network through the upper branch pipe. The steam that heats the water enters the annulus.

The water heated in the water heater through the supply pipeline enters the hot water supply system, from which consumers use it for domestic and industrial purposes. The water taken from the system is replenished from the water supply.

To heat the water that has cooled in the system, a circulation pipeline is laid, which connects the hot water supply system to the water heater.

To maintain a constant flow of water coming from the heating network, a flow regulator is installed, and a water meter is installed on the pipeline supplying cold water to the water heater, which takes into account the water flow. Valves are mounted on the control unit at the water heaters to turn off the pipeline of the hot water supply and heating system and individual parts of the unit. The pressure and temperature of the water at individual points of the control unit are measured by pressure gauges and thermometers.

Depending on the purpose, hot water supply systems are performed with two-pipe risers, one of which is circulating, and single-pipe.

Two-pipe hot water systems with circulation risers () are used where water cooling in pipes is not allowed, for example, in multi-storey residential buildings, hotels, hospitals and other buildings.

Rice. 175. Two-pipe hot water system with circulation, risers

Rice. 176. Single-pipe hot water supply scheme: 1 - diaphragm, 2 - plug valve, 3 - supply transit line, 4 - circulation transit line

In single-pipe systems of centralized hot water supply used in residential buildings (), risers within one section at the top are interconnected, with all risers except one connected to supply line 3, and one idle riser to circulation line 4. To ensure uniform water circulation in the hot water supply systems of buildings connected to one central heating point, a diaphragm is installed on an idle riser.

For better water distribution to individual points of water consumption, as well as in order to maintain the same diameters over the entire height of the building in single-pipe hot water supply systems, risers are looped. With a ring scheme for buildings up to 5 floors inclusive, the diameters of the risers are 25 mm, and for buildings from 6 floors and above - 32 mm in diameter. Temperature elongations in the risers of hot water supply systems of high-rise buildings are compensated by installing single-turn heated towel rails, and in two-pipe hot water supply systems by installing U-shaped compensators on risers.

Heated towel rails made of galvanized pipes are connected to the hot water supply system according to the flow pattern. Hot water pipelines, in order to protect against corrosion, should be made of galvanized steel pipes.

To ensure air removal from the system, pipes are laid with a slope to the input of at least 0.002. In systems with lower wiring, air is removed through the upper tap. In the case of top wiring, air is removed through automatic air vents installed at the highest points of the systems.

The rapid development of technology allows modern man to equip his home as comfortably as possible. This requires various kinds of installations: engineering networks, household plumbing equipment, etc.

Consider the basics of arranging a water supply system in an apartment building.

A rather difficult task is to provide water to a multi-storey building, since the house includes a large number of apartments with autonomous sanitary equipment.

The water supply system is an engineering system with piping, water pressure control devices, as well as metering units and filters.

Often, residents of multi-storey buildings use a central water supply system.

Components of a central water supply system. Types of schemes

As a rule, the water supply system consists of:

distribution channel;
water intake structure;
Cleaning plant.

Before water is supplied to the premises, it goes a long way directly from the pumping unit to the reservoir. After complete cleaning and disinfection of water, it enters the distribution channel. The distribution channel provides water flow to special installations.

Note that the water supply system is divided into 3 types:

Collector;
Sequential;
Mixed.

Often, collector wiring in a house is used if a huge amount of plumbing equipment is equipped in the apartments. The collector circuit ensures the stable operation of all sanitary installations and appliances.

Risers of the water supply system

Risers - vertical arrangement of pipes in the water supply system.

They are divided into three types:

heating riser;
Water supply riser;
Sewer stand.

Maintenance of such installations is provided by representatives of such organizations as ZhEK, ZhES and others serving the house.

Consider some legal aspects:

The management company is obliged to ensure the serviceability of communications of a residential apartment building. Therefore, the organization must replace the risers at its own expense (if we are talking about pipes that have become unusable after their useful operating life has expired);
The city or district administration is obliged to replace the risers in the municipal building;
In the event that communication systems are privatized, the residents pay for the repair work.