Boiler plants, depending on the type of consumer, are divided into energy, production and heating and heating. According to the type of heat carrier produced, they are divided into steam (for generating steam) and hot water (for generating hot water).

Power boiler plants produce steam for steam turbines in thermal power plants. Such boiler houses are equipped, as a rule, with boiler units of large and medium power, which produce steam with increased parameters.

Production and heating boiler plants(usually steam) produce steam not only for production needs, but also for heating, ventilation and hot water supply.

Heating boiler plants(mainly water-heating, but they can also be steam) are designed to service heating systems, hot water supply and ventilation of industrial and residential premises.

Depending on the scale of heat supply, heating boiler houses are divided into local (individual), group and district.

Local heating boilers usually equipped with hot water boilers with water heating up to a temperature of no more or steam boilers with a working pressure of up to. Such boiler houses are designed to supply heat to one or more buildings.

Group heating boiler rooms provide heat to groups of buildings, residential areas or small neighborhoods. Such boiler houses are equipped with both steam and hot water boilers, as a rule, with higher heat output than boilers for local boiler houses. These boiler houses are usually placed in special buildings.

District heating boiler houses designed for heat supply of large residential areas; they are equipped with relatively powerful hot water and steam boilers.

Rice. 1.1

On fig. 1.1. a diagram of a district heating boiler house with hot water boilers is shown 1 type PTVM-50 with a heat output of 58 MW. Boilers can run on liquid and gaseous fuels, so they are equipped with burners and nozzles 3 . The air necessary for combustion is supplied to the furnace by blow fans. 4 driven by electric motors. Each boiler has 12 burners and the same number of fans.

Water is supplied to the boiler by pumps 5 driven by electric motors. After passing through the heating surface, the water heats up and enters the consumers, where it gives off part of the heat, and returns to the boiler with a reduced temperature. Flue gases from the boiler are removed to the atmosphere through a pipe 2.

This boiler house has a semi-open type layout: the lower part of the boilers (up to a height of approximately 6 m) is located in the building, and their upper part is outdoors. Blow fans, pumps, as well as a control panel are placed inside the boiler room. A deaerator is installed on the ceiling of the boiler room 6 to remove oxygen from water.

In boiler plants with steam boilers(Fig. 1.2) steam boiler 4 has two drums - upper and lower. The drums are interconnected by three bundles of pipes forming the heating surface of the boiler. When the boiler is operating, the lower drum is filled with water, the upper drum is filled with water in the lower part, and saturated steam in the upper part. In the lower part of the boiler there is a furnace 2 with a mechanical grate for burning solid fuel. When burning liquid and gaseous fuels, nozzles or burners are installed instead of a grate, through which fuel, together with air, is supplied to the furnace. The boiler is limited by brick walls - brickwork.

The working process in the boiler room proceeds as follows. Fuel from the fuel depot is fed by a conveyor to the bunker, from where it enters the grate of the furnace, where it burns. As a result of fuel combustion, flue gases are formed - combustion products burn.

Flue gases from the furnace enter the boiler gas ducts, formed by lining and special partitions installed in pipe bundles. When moving, the gases wash the bundles of pipes of the boiler of the superheater 3, pass through the economizer 5 and the air heater, where they are cooled due to the supply of heat to the water entering the boiler and the air supplied to the furnace.

The cooled flue gases with the help of a smoke exhauster 8 are removed through the chimney 7 into the atmosphere. Flue gases from the boiler can also be discharged without a smoke exhauster under the action of natural draft with a built-in chimney.

Water from the water supply source to the feed pipeline by pump 1 to the water economizer, from where, after heating, it enters the upper drum of the boiler. The filling of the boiler drum with water is controlled by the water-indicating glass installed on the drum.

Rice. 1.2

From the upper drum of the boiler, water descends through pipes into the lower drum, from where it rises again through the left bundle of pipes into the upper drum. In this case, the water evaporates, and the resulting steam is collected in the upper part of the upper drum. Then the steam enters the superheater 3, where it is completely dried by the heat of flue gases, as a result of which its temperature rises.

From the superheater, steam enters the main steam pipeline and from there to the consumer, and after use it condenses and returns in the form of hot water (condensate) back to the boiler room. Losses of condensate at the consumer are replenished with water from the water supply or other sources of water supply. Before entering the boiler, water is subjected to appropriate treatment.

The air necessary for fuel combustion is taken, as a rule, from the top of the boiler room and is supplied by fan 9 to the air heater, where it is heated and then sent to the furnace. In boiler houses of small capacity, air heaters are usually absent, and cold air is supplied to the furnace either by a fan or due to rarefaction in the furnace created by a chimney.

The boiler plant with steam boilers has a closed type layout, when all the main equipment of the boiler house is located in the building.

Boiler plants are equipped with water treatment devices (not shown in the diagram), instrumentation and appropriate automation equipment, which ensures their uninterrupted and reliable operation.

Hot water boiler houses installations are designed to produce hot water used for heating, hot water supply and other purposes.

Rice. 1.1 Boiler room with cast iron hot water boilers 1 bunker for collecting ash and slag; 2-scraper; 3-scraper drive winch; 4 ash collectors of cyclone type; 5-smoke exhauster; 6-brick chimney; 7-boiler; 8-blowing fan; 9-installation of chemical water treatment (filter); 10-channel scraper to remove slag and ash

A hot water boiler house has one heat carrier - water, in contrast to a steam boiler house, which has two heat carriers - water and steam. In this regard, in a steam boiler house, it is necessary to have separate pipelines for steam and water, as well as a tank for collecting condensate.

Hot water and steam boilers differ depending on the type of fuel used, the design of boilers, furnaces, etc. The structure of both a steam and a water-heating boiler plant usually includes several boiler units, but not less than two and not more than four or five. All of them are interconnected by common communications - pipelines, gas pipelines, etc.

Installations operating on nuclear fuel, the feedstock of which is uranium ore, are becoming more widespread.

Development of an optimal technical solution for the manufacture of a boiler house, taking into account all specifications provided by the Customer

About company

Since the summer of 2004, our company has been producing modular boiler plants of the COMPACT container type. Boiler houses COMPACT with a heat output from 100 kW to 20,000 kW are designed for heating and hot water supply of residential, industrial and public facilities, as well as for providing hot water or steam for the technological needs of various industries

What are the boiler rooms

The energy industry requires the use of various types of boilers, classified according to various criteria: the type of fuel used and the coolant, the location, the principle of mechanization or automation, the goals and requirements of customers.

Types of boiler houses by type of fuel:

• gas boilers, their main advantage is efficiency and environmental friendliness. They do not require complex large-sized equipment and can work offline;
• liquid fuel boilers - operate on fuel oil, oil, diesel fuel and waste oil, quickly put into operation and do not require permits for their use, connection and are not limited by fuel volumes;
• solid fuel boilers - work on wood, peat, waste from the timber industry, coal. Their "trick" lies in the low cost of fuel and availability, but they require the installation of fuel supply systems and systems for removing ash and slag.

Types of boiler rooms depending on the coolant:

• hot water- boiler houses used in hot water supply and heating systems for residential and non-residential buildings. As a heat carrier, water is used, heated to a maximum of +95 ... + 110 ° С;
• steam- steam is used as a coolant, and most often such boiler houses are equipped in industries;
• combined- they use boilers of both types, moreover, hot water covers the load for ventilation and heating needs and water supply, and steam is used for technological processes;
• oily– diathermic oil and other organic liquids heated to a temperature of +300°C are used as a heat carrier.

Types of boiler rooms depending on their location

1. Block-modular systems have a number of advantages compared to stationary boilers. They are characterized by quick installation and commissioning, the possibility of increasing capacity due to the addition of modular units and autonomy, high coefficient and mobility. They can be attached to the wall, built into it, placed on the roof and in the basement, stand separately from each other.
2. Stationary boiler houses are used when a power of 30 MW or more is required or when it is impossible to build a block-modular system. They are capital, solid and require installation at the work site.

Types of boiler houses according to the degree of mechanization or automation of work processes:

• automated- fully automated and require little or no human intervention;
• mechanized- equipped with mechanized elements - conveyor belts, coal crushers, chip catchers, etc., which greatly facilitates the work of the operator;
• manual- equipped with manual fuel supply modules (trolley or hopper with an external loading system), ash and slag removal is also carried out manually.

· Power boilers are designed to generate steam for steam turbine installations.

· Production and heating plants produce steam and hot water to meet the technological needs of production, as well as heating, ventilation and hot water supply systems.

· Industrial boilers are designed to supply the enterprise with steam and hot water.

· Heating boilers produce steam and hot water for heating, ventilation and hot water systems.

Schematic diagram of a production and heating boiler house with a steam and hot water boiler

PK - steam boiler D - deaerator NS - network water pump

VK - hot water boiler HVO - chemical water treatment NP - feed water pump

HX - cold water pump HP - recirculation pump P - water heater

NPP - make-up water pump

Classification of boilers according to the organization of the movement of water and steam

Scheme with natural circulation.

A closed natural circulation circuit consists of two pipe systems: heated and unheated, combined at the top into a drum, at the bottom into a collector. The volume of the boiler filled with water is called the water volume, and the upper part occupied by steam is called the steam volume. The surface separating the water and steam volumes is called the evaporation mirror.

When high temperatures are created in the furnace, water boils in heated pipes and fills the pipes with a steam-water mixture having a density of ρ cm. Unheated pipes are filled with water having a density of ρ '. Consequently, the lower point of the circuit - the collector - is subject, on the one hand, to the pressure of the water column that fills the unheated pipes, equal to ρ'gH, and on the other hand, to the pressure of the column of the steam-water mixture that fills the heated pipes, equal to ρ cm gH. Created as a result of this pressure difference

S dv \u003d ρ cm gN– ρ'gН \u003d gН (ρ'-ρ cm) causes the movement of water in the circuit and called the driving force of natural circulation.

In the formula: H - contour height, m

ρ 'and ρ cm - the density of water and steam-water mixture, kg / m 3

g - free fall acceleration, m / s 2

S dv - driving pressure, Pa

The movement of water in the circulation circuit is multiple. This means that in the course of one cycle of passage through the steam pipes, water evaporates partially. With natural circulation, the mass vapor content at the outlet of the steam pipes is 3-25%. With a steam content at the outlet, for example, 10%, in order to completely evaporate the remaining volume of water, it must move through the circuit 9 more times, and only 10 times. Thus, there is a 10-fold circulation of the steam-water mixture. Therefore, the process of formation and removal of steam from the circuit occurs continuously. Feed water also continuously enters the drum, mixing in the drum with boiling water from the steam-generating pipes and entering the downcomers. Therefore, water circulates in the circuit all the time in a constant amount. To reduce hydraulic resistance, lifting pipes are placed vertically or steeply inclined.

The ratio of the mass amount of water Ĝ 0 (kg / s) circulating along the circuit to the amount of steam D (kg / s) formed in it per unit time is called the circulation rate: K \u003d Ĝ 0 / D

For boilers with natural circulation К=4..30

Heat supply

District heating systems are characterized by a combination of three main links: heat sources, heat networks and local systems of heat consumption (heat use) of individual buildings and structures.

When using organic fuel the source of heat energy can be a boiler plant or CHP, at nuclear power plants nuclear fuel is used to generate thermal energy, in some cases, auxiliary fuels are used renewable heat sources– geothermal energy, solar radiation energy, etc.

Fuel types

According to the definition of D. I. Mendeleev, “fuel is a combustible substance deliberately burned to produce heat.”

well known main types of fuel- firewood, peat, coal, shale, oil residues, gas. All of them are organic compounds capable of reacting with atmospheric oxygen at high temperatures, during which heat is released.

Fuel is extracted in large quantities, its reserves in nature are very significant. The oxygen required for the reaction is taken from the surrounding air. As a result of the reaction, highly heated combustion gases are obtained, the heat of which is used in the boiler plant. The cooled gases are released into the atmosphere through the chimney.

For burning can both natural and artificial fuels can be used, obtained after the processing of natural fuel in order to isolate valuable products from it, which include resins, gasolines, benzenes, mineral lubricating oils, paints, pharmaceutical products, ammonium sulphate, which is used for agricultural needs, etc.

Solid fuel:

a) natural - firewood, coal, anthracite, peat;

b) artificial - charcoal, coke and pulverized, which is obtained from crushed coals.

Liquid fuel:

a) natural - oil;

b) artificial - gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, resin.

gaseous fuel:

a) natural - natural gas;

b) artificial - generator gas obtained during the gasification of various types of solid fuels (peat, firewood, coal, etc.), coking, blast furnace, lighting and other gases.

Types of boiler plants

Stationary boiler room is no longer the only possibility for autonomous heating. The equipment needs a room - but its location can be anything.

Block boiler houses for example, it can be located both in the basement and on the roof (if a number of conditions are met). In addition, the boiler houses themselves have become much more reliable. This is primarily due to the fact that manufacturers have begun to offer turnkey installations: all the necessary equipment is already assembled in blocks or in a module, and you can start the installation. Accordingly, there are two types of boiler plants: block and modular boilers. Both types of structures are convenient in terms of transportation (as a rule, they are transported by rail or road).

The main equipment of the boiler room: boiler, water pump, liquid container, pipes, burner. Some also purchase additional equipment that helps to save money: non-volatile boilers, boilers with electric ignition function, two-way and combined cast iron boilers.

Relatively recently, the market of thermal equipment appeared TKU - transportable boiler plants. The need for them appeared with the emergence of new industries, which are located in buildings that are not connected to the central heating system. The advantage of the novelty is that it is quite easy to transport (the modular design has wheels), it is easy to handle and does not require the constant presence of an operator. In addition, as a rule, TCUs are fully automated, so they are quite easy to manage. At the same time, it is able to generate a sufficient amount of heat and does not require connection to communications.

Classification of boiler rooms.

Depending on where the installation is located, there are:

Roof;

· Embedded in the building;

Block-modular;

· Frame.

In the system of each heating, its main element is the boiler. It performs the main function - heating. Depending on the basis on which the entire system and the boiler in particular work, there are the following types of boilers :

§ Steam boilers

§ Water heating;

§ Mixed;

§ Cauldrons for diathermic oil.

Any heating system works, as previously noted, from one or another type raw materials, fuel or natural resource. AT Depending on this, boilers are divided into:

· Solid propellant. For this, firewood, coal and other types of solid fuels are used.

Liquid fuel - oil, gasoline, fuel oil and others.

· Gas.

· Mixed or combined. The use of various types and types of fuel is expected.